نشریه فیزیولوژی محیطی گیاهی
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1394)

In this study, two pine species planted around Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex including Pinus nigra and P. elderica were sampled. Plants from Kantuyeh garden (at a distance of 9 km away from the factory) as a control area were also sampled. Parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, proteins, and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity were compared in the samples obtained from the two regions. Both species showed less photosynthetic pigments in the area around the factory compared to the control area. Antioxidant enzymes activity was higher in the area around the factory in both species under study. The results suggested the existence of stress conditions for the plants cultivated in the area around Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex which is shown in antioxidant enzymes activity and phenolic compounds concentrations and also higher protein content in P. nigra; these species are capable to resist the pollution in the environment.

The capability of plant species to accumulate heavy metals in their organs is a factor to alleviate the pollution in the environment. Plants can alleviate environmental pollution using accumulation, uptake and transformation methods, which can change their antioxidant activities. The present study was conducted to investigate Fe and Cu accumulation in root and shoot of Alyssum linifolium, Salvia multicaulis, Muscari neglactum, and Verbascum Thapsus and their antioxidant responses in a Copper mine located in East Azarbaijan. The results showed that the maximum and minimum accumulation of Fe was respectively recorded in the roots of M. neglactum and V. thapsus). In addition, the highest and lowest Cu accumulation was also found in the roots of M. neglactum and V. Thapsus, while there was no significant difference among plant shoots for Fe and Cu. The maximum and minimum SOD and APX activities were observed in M. neglactum and V. Thapsus, respectively, whereas there was no significant difference for MAD among all plant species.

In the present study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity were investigated in four kolkhoung genotypes in their natural habitats of Ilam province. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were assayed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxide radical scavenging and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Among all the sample tested, leaf extract of K3 and K4 genotypes contained the highest and the lowest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. The results indicated that among all the genotypes studied here, the highest and the lowest antioxidant activity were observed in K3 and K4 genotypes, respectively. According to the results, total phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity in kolkhoung can be influenced by different factors such as genetic, environmental and ecological conditions. So that the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity increased in leaf of kolkhoung as the altitude increased, and the highest amount of compounds were observed in K3 genotype at altitude of 2083 meters (Ghalarang mountain). However, the results obtained in our research indicated that K3 genotype had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and interestingly this genotype revealed the highest antioxidant activity among all samples tested.

In order to study the effect of drought stress on seed yield and some physiological and biochemical characteristics of different genotypes of red bean an experiment was performed in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of Islamic Azad University, Arak. The main plot factor was irrigation surfaces (normal and stress); irrigation was cut in flowering and pod filling and the sub plot factor was red bean genotypes including Derakhshan, D81083 and Goli. The Analysis of Variance showed that the draught stress significantly affected leaf relative water content, electrical conductivity of the cell membrane, leaf proline content, protein content, concentration of soluble sugars. Goli genotype had the highest relative water content, protein content and D81083 and Derakhshan genotype had the highest proline content and lowest electrical conductivity of the membrane was proline the result of the experiment indicates the stability of the cell membrane. Derakhshan and D81083 genotypes contained highest soluble sugars. D81083 and Goli genotypes showed their superiority in traits under study in this experiment and therefore can be cultivated in areas where there is water shortage.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the differences between the spring and summer crops of three fig genotypes namely, Golbahar, Kamal Abad, and Rezvan 41 in Golestan province. The fruit samples were collected from two different fruit crops and some morphological and phytochemical traits were studied based on the specific descriptor and standard methods. The analysis of variance showed that there were some significant interaction between genotype and fruit type on length, width, and shape of the fruit, stalk and neck length, and pulp length, where there was observed no significant effect on the ostiole diameter. The results showed that the summer fruits were smaller than spring fruits and had lower amount of fruit length and diameter, stalk and neck length, and pulp length in most of the genotypes. Regardless of the genotype, the ostiole diameter was higher in spring fruits than summer fruits. The analysis of variance also showed that genotype and fruit type had significant interaction effects on flavonoid and anthocyanin but not on total soluble solids, titratable acidity and phenols. Summer fruits had higher amount of total soluble solids and titratable acidity but lower phenols. Kamalabad genotype also showed higher amount of total soluble solids and titratable acidity than other genotypes. In Golbahar genotype, the spring fruits had lower anthocyanin while this was lower in other genotypes. In contrast, in all genotypes under study spring fruits had higher amount of flavonoid.

In order to evaluate the effect of chemical priming and inoculation with strains of Pseudomonas bacteria on fava bean yield and yield components, a randomized block design field experiment with three replication was conducted in research station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Guilan province, Rasht during 2014-2015. Experimental factors included different strains of Pseudomonas flouresens bacteria (41, 169, 187 and control) and different levels of chemical priming (urea solution and Zinc sulfate solution as well as tap water). The results showed that the interaction effect of chemical and biological priming was significant for pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, green pod yield and yield and protein of grains. In this experiment the highest seed yield and green pod yield were obtained under no inoculation and priming with urea solution. Also, the effect of priming and bacteria inoculation on grain protein content was significant. However, bacteria inoculation showed significant effect only on seed phosphorous content so that, the greatest seed phosphorous contents was obtained under inoculation with strain 187 of bacteria. In general, the results of this research showed that low cast priming technique with urea solution enhanced seed yield of fava beans under field condition. Thus, urea priming technique can be recommended for seed yield improvement in fava beans grown in Guilan paddy fields.